Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline Essay Example for Free

Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline EssayAlthough significant crude oil reserves have been found in the early 1970s, these could non be developed because 1- Chad is a landlocked country with limited domestic demand 2- complaisant war prevented the entry of a stable investment purlieu and caused the departure of several investors. Since peace was established in 1990, investors and the innovation Bank returned to Chad for developing its oil reserves.In order to justify the large investment, access to the serviceman market was sought via a pipeline through Cameroon, which is also a relatively silly country that can benefit from the investment and transit revenues. The World Bank has been supporting essential resource extraction based development around the world and, in particular, in Africa as the primary driver for economic growth and poverty reduction in these countries. But, the Bank has also been heavily criticized for failing to achieve these goals as the revenues from resou rce development do not spend a penny the majority of the society.With the Chad-Cameroon pipeline and oil development in Chad, the Bank and the companies are following a novel partnership and revenue management approach. How is the project backing different? How will this new approach work? Will Chad and Cameroon benefit from this approach? Background1 Upon getting its independence from France in 1960, Chad has been involved in 30 age of civil war. The peace was finally restored in 1990, and the country drifted towards multiparty democracy, until rebellion broke out again in the north of the country.In January 2002 peace treaty was write confirming de jure reign of northern ethnicity. Chad is one of the least developed nations on earth with GNI per capita of around $200. Republic of Chad is ranked 165th of 175 countries in UNs Survival Ranking. The agricultural sector accounts for 36% of Chads GDP. Cotton exports account for 50% of foreign currency earnings. Chads government is c oncerned about this dependence on cotton and wants to diversify its economy in order to mitigate vulnerability associated with volatility of the international price of cotton.Chads only significant intrinsic resources are oil deposits. Being independent since 1960, Cameroon has developed a rather stable political system, based on ethnic oligopoly. Despite of vast natural resource base (including oil, natural gas and aluminum) the country is one of the poorest in the world, with GNI per capita of roughly $600 in 2002. According to World Bank classification Cameroon is an HIPC (heavily indebted poor country) with total debt of $4. 9 billion and outstanding short-term debt over $950 million.Cameroon is in Top-15 countries with highest HIV rate (around 12%) and in Top-30 infant mortality rate. Economic and societal development information on this section comes from the World Bank web site, CIA Fact Book, and U. N. Human Development Report. Center for Energy Economics. No reproduction , distribution or attribution without permission. Chad-Cameroon Pipeline 1 1 Case Study From Since 1990, being faced with a fall in GDP due to unfavorable prices on major exported goods Cameroon has been engaged in several World Bank and IMF programs, aimed at poverty reduction and acceleration of economic growth.As a result yearbook GDP growth averaged 2. 1% through 1990-2001, compared to 3. 4% in 1980s. Oil Development Conoco became the first foreign oil company to undertake significant oil exploration in Chad with acquisition of the Chad Permit H concession in 1969. Between 1973 and 1975, oil was discovered in varying amounts in the Doba, Doseo, and Lake Chad basins, that led to the creation of a multinational consortium comprising Conoco (12. 5% and operator), Royal Dutch/Shell (37. 5%), Exxon (25%), and Chevron (25%).In 1981 all the exploration projects were stopped due to escalating civil war. In 1988 a convention was signed between the government of Chad and the consortium, granting exploration permit with term of validity until early 2004. Conoco withdrew from the project, and Exxon took over operations, discovering the Bolobo field in 1989 with estimated cxxxv million barrels of reserves. 3 Chevron, in its turn, sold its share (20% interest in the Block H hydrocarbon license containing the three fields) to Elf Aquitaine, in 1993.

All About Me Letter Essay Example for Free

All About Me Letter EssayMy favorite sports atomic number 18 football and basketball. I play the recorder. I participated in football for three years and basket ball for angiotensin converting enzyme year. I played the recorder for one year in the fourth grade and earned all the belts for each skill level.On the other hand I dont exchangeable to read what so ever, but Im going to improve my reading this year. I dont like to read because I communicate asleep as soon as I begin to read books. The books that I like are adventurous and action-packed books because they interest me so I wont fall asleep. These kinds of books stimulate my imagination and help me visualize the story. In order to keep me interested in reading I would like to consecrate audio or graphics books. I did great donnishally last year as I made As and Bs.My academic goals this year are to make straight As and to receive scores above 900 on the CRCT. Considering that I do not like to read, its hard for me t o brainstorm ideas and write an essay. Therefore, I do not think of myself as a good writer, as I prefer digital images to brace my creativity. The few times that I must write, I like to write narratives about my family vacations in new places. Narratives allow me to express my emotions. Unfortunately, brainstorming ideas causes me to have headaches that go me off from writing.I hope to learn how to overcome this obstacle and improve my writing skills. In conclusion, you can help me achieve my academic goals by suggesting most action-packed or adventurous book titles for me to enjoy reading. I learn best by following examples and listening to instructions. The activities you can help me with are reading and sentence-structure in writing assignments. I welcome the opportunity to learn from your expertise. Sincerely, Phillip Harrington Phillip Harrington

Analysis Of Divine Command Theory Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of Divine Command Theory Philosophy EssayDivine financial offerment guess is an ethical view based on theism or the belief that graven image exists. Followers of the theory accept that all moral judgment is derived from an understanding of idols char rounder or his direct tenderments. In other words, what is in accordance with divinity fudges command is moral and what is contrary to that command is immoral (Farnell, 2005). The holy books of each piety (e.g. The Bible, Koran, and Torah) contain paragons directions. Therefore, they can be used as guides to unwrap between morally good and bad cropions. The idea that ethics and religion are connected is far-reaching, and it leads us to examine religions role in our familiarity.AdvantagesAlthough divine command theory has been rejected as a working ethical theory, there are a few ways in which it does provide an advantage as an ethical framework. First, Gods commands set forth universal moral rules. The rules can be a pplied to anyone, at all times and places. The belief that God is eternal and never changes means that his commands are as relevant today as when they were first recorded.Second, Gods commands dont depend on what others think are justfulness or wrong. His commands are all objective. For example, one of Gods commandments is not to commit murder (Exodus 2113). dismantle if your friends believe that murder is acceptable (for instance, capital punishment), they are still wrong because their beliefs oppose Gods leave. on a lower floor this theory, morality exists outside of human reasoning because God is the ultimate authority.Third, if you disobey God, you will be punished. If you check his commands, youll be rewarded. God is both omnipotent and omnipresent. If you read to disobey, your punishment is inescapable. If you obey, God will bless you with eternal life and a place in heaven. Those who believe have a strong incentive to follow his commands.Finally, traditional religion s are centuries old and have recorded many a(prenominal) of Gods commands. Religious texts allow us to know and understand the character of God, and they make it easier to know how to act morally. For Christian believers, the Word of God is in The Bible and they are secure in the concrete, moral teachings written in its pages.CritiquesThere are several reasons wherefore divine command theory falls short as a working ethical viewpoint. One objection focuses on the sheer number of human race religions and their different interpretations of the nature of God (or their gods). How does a divine command theorist know that their Gods commands are the right ones to follow? It is impossible to prove that the insights of Allah overrule the laws of Yahweh. Even within Christianity, a schism has existed between Catholic and Protestant believers since The Reformation in 1517. Under divine command theory only one religion can be correct and the followers of that God are the only ones leading m oral lives (Austin, 2006). This leads into the next objection.Gods commands can be easily misconstrued. That is, how do we meet the correct interpretation of the sacred texts? When God states that we should not commit murder, does that mean murder is always immoral, or should we take into account the specific context in which God gave this command? During this process of interpretation, we are actually exercising our own sense of morality. We must rely on our own understanding of Gods goodness and act on moral laws we deem consistent with Gods commands (Adams, 1999). We cannot take ourselves completely out of the picture when determining Gods position on ethical issues.Perhaps the most convince argument against divine command theory is that it leaves open the idea that immoral acts might not be wrong. That means Gods commands are arbitrary in nature. Murray and Rea (2008) state that, the divine command process that determines what is moral or immoral does not actually involve mora l considerations. If God omitted the command forbidding murder, then it would no longer be an immoral action. On the other hand, if God is restricted from commanding the murder of children or stealing from the poor, then the logic behind divine command theory falls apart. God is no longer the sole source for moral knowledge and some knowledge outside of God makes those acts immoral.Platos EuthyphroPlatos classic dialogue Euthyphro will always be brought up in discussions about the relationship between God and ethics. The dialogue features a discussion of piety between Socrates and Euthyphro. Socrates is on runnel for corrupting the youth of Athens by leading them away from their belief in gods. Euthyphro is prosecuting his own father for manslaughter in the death of a servant. About center(prenominal) through the dialogue, Socrates asks his famous question Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods? (Plato Church, 1987) This is the same as saying Does God command an action because it is morally right, or is it a morally right action because God commands it?If the latter is true, then God can either command or refuse to speak against immoral acts and that will make them moral. In the Bible, God commanded his most devout follower, Abraham, to sacrifice his favorite son Isaac (Genesis 221-24). Abraham bound Isaac on a hilltop and was just about to commit filicide when an angel of the Lord came down to stop him. There is no doubt that Abraham would have murdered Isaac had God not intervened at the last second. Although there is a happy ending to this parable, the inferred message here is that God has the power to upend morality at any time. If God is the ultimate authority, then nothing should stop us from honoring his will not even our ethical boundaries.If the former is true, then morality has a source outside of God. Of course God will command what is morally right every time, because God is all-knowing . In fact, he already knows what is right or wrong before he even commands it. That means Gods commands are in line with an independent moral standard. Gods perfect nature restricts him from making immoral acts moral. Thus, right and wrong are not based on Gods will alone. This places God in the same situation that we are in. We also base our behavior on an ethical standard that we discover rather than invent. We have just made God irrelevant when it comes to moral authority.Faith vs. reasonFaith in God seems diametrically opposed to reason and common sense. The main allure of religion is the intense passion that believers bring to their faith. Christianity is a powerful force in our society because it asks for the most suspension of disbelief in its followers. The commitment involved in maintaining that the Son of God was born a mortal man infused with the Holy intention is enormous. On the other hand, if faith fell directly in line with reason then it wouldnt inspire the passion it has throughout the ages.There are many who keep faith and reason as separate and distinct parts of their lives. St. Thomas Aquinas believed that reason alone is sufficient to understand between right and wrong (Clark Poortenga, 2003). He also believed that human reason was an expression of Gods will. If God did create us in his image, then our understanding of morality is an extension of that. God could have chosen to create us some other way, but ultimately, our human nature demands that we lead a good and moral life to be fulfilled. As an ethical construct, divine command theory fails under rigorous, philosophical critiques, but that doesnt mean ethical reasoning and faith cannot coexist. Those who believe in God can use reason to responsibly determine how best to conform their behavior to his commands.

Opportunity Of Top Glove Entering Indonesia Marketing Essay

Opportunity Of fall appear baseball baseball mitt Entering Indonesia Marketing Essay1.0 Introduction acme mitt was established in 1991 as a small factory with three take lines, but it has since gr give exponentially to become the largest rubber glove manufacturer in the world ( cover song mitt, 2013). It was listed on Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur on 27th march, 2001 and promoted to Main Market of KLSE in 16th may 2002. The alliance have sh areholder funds charge RM1.28b with annual turn everyplace of RM2.31 billion at financial year ended on 31st August 2012. The companys current headquarters is regain in Malaysia at Jalan Meru Klang, Selangor. The company currently have sales office in China, Thailand, USA, and Germany.In order to capture to a greater extent global grocery store share, the company has taken a rapid refinement of its capacity. The companys manufacturing facilities which are located at Malaysia, Thailand, and China grew to 24 from only 5 when it was listed i n BSKL on 2001. outmatch Glove crapper Berhad wholly-owned the infantryman of Top Glove in Thailand and China. The company represents 26 percent of the grocery store share worldwide (Tan Sri Dato Sri Lim, 2008). Currently, the company exports to its 1,800 customers in more than 185 countries around the world (Top Glove, 2013). The companys products are exported and available in most countries in North America, Latin America, Europe, Middle East and Asia region (Tan Sri Dato Sri Lim, 2011).The vision of Top Glove is to strive to be the worlds stellar(a) manufacturer with excellent quality glove products that enrich and nurse human lives while the mission statements is to be world class glove manufacturer providing tallness quality product with excellent operate through continuous improvement and innovation. The company offers 13 types of rubber gloves to the public such as latex trial run gloves, nitrile examination gloves, vinyl examination gloves, surgical glove, clean dis posable gloves, general purpose glove and others. Top glove have the capabilities to produce tot up output signal capabilities of 40.3 billion pair of glove annually. This because the company has 24 factories and 462 manufacturing line that can produce vast amount of glove.Indonesia is a tropical realm located near Top Glove home res publica, Malaysia. Tropical weather in Indonesia allows for fertile growth of rubber trees that are used in production of latex. genius of the agricultural industries in Indonesia is rubber effort (CIA, 2012). The large and fertile soil is one of the geographic advantages of the country from Top Gloves view. It enables large supplies of latex to facilitate the production of gloves to offseting and manufacturing plants of Top Glove. Indonesia is a country that posses one of the lowest labour speak to in the world. Indonesia currently has 248.6 one million million residents which is the 4th most populated country in the world (CIA, 2012). Cheap l abour cost coupled with large supply of raw material makes it a suitable location for Top Glove to hyperbolise into. This factor pull up stakes save the cost of production thus enable the company to sell their product at cheaper price, so that they can deal better in global market.Indonesia also experienced active reform in lineage regulation in recent years and is among the top 50 economies improving the most and the top 5 within the East Asia and Pacific Region (The World Bank and International Corporation, 2012). 14% of its GDP is consists of agricultural sphere of influence (CIA, 2012). The inflation rate also improved from 5.4% in 2011 to 4.5% in 2012 (CIA, 2012). According to Dean (2001), doing business and vestment in most parts of Indonesia is relatively caoutchouc and profitable. Thus, the stable economical and political environmental encouraged Top Glove to expands to the country.2.0 AnalysisThere are several reasons that attract Top Gloves Corporation to research into Indonesia market. However, entering a unlike may not only brings gains but also shortcomings. Hence by analyzing the respective country, we able to understand is it significant for Top Gloves Corporation to invest or to enter Indonesia market.According to Managing Director of Top Gloves Corporation KM Lee, he stated that the rise in healthcare standards fasten with the summation in the global population had increments the demand of medical gloves (Top Gloves, 2013). Meanwhile, Chairman Tan Sri Lim Wee Chai indicated that the rise in the force cost with the introduction of the tokenish wage indemnity had forces the group to increase its glove prices by 3-5 per cent, depending on the type of product. With the rise on demand of medical gloves, thus, Top Gloves Corporation tends to expand their production line (Top Gloves, 2013). Besides, the increase of labor cost due to minimum cost forcing the corporation to look after a lower-cost country, as the labor cost will be lowe r. From the literature findings, John Tanner (1996) found that Indonesia is low cost skilled labor that benefits to Top Gloves Corporation. Furthermore, Indonesia is a country that rich with pictorial resources that match the Top Gloves nature of business that is the rubber (Doing Business, 2012). Thus, expanding a plant into Indonesia market may lead the corporation to gain more profit, as the production line can be more effective and efficient.Apart from that, Indonesia was a main attraction for Top Gloves Corporation because the country of Indonesia able to offer a lower production cost as the labor cost resources is lower in price. According to Sari Shaviriyani (2006), a statistic shows that Indonesias population is the world fourth largest. The workforces over the country are huge and young enable the labor cost to be lower as the workforce supply is higher than the demand forcing the requital to be lower down. More to the point, the workforces are young and energetic allowin g Top Gloves production line to produce more effectively.In addition, Indonesias government does encourage more abroad investment by establishing certain departments and supportive bodies in order to speed up the investment licensing procedures (Sari Shaviriyani, 2006). Besides, some incentives are also provided to foreign investors, including revenue enhancement incentives that enable Top Gloves Corporation to increase their companys profit by paying fewer taxes (Sari Shaviriyani, 2006). However, this was theoretically to benefit the public interest, as the increase in challenger in these open sectors will force the companies to operate efficiently and cut prices to win market share (Sari Shaviriyani, 2006). In that sense, it will creates a win-win solution for the country itself and the foreign company as the economy of Indonesia able to boom and the citizen of Indonesia able to enjoy the goods at lower prices meanwhile the operation can be have got on at a lower price.Howeve r, every pro comes with a con as Indonesia offers a lot of gains to attract foreign company to invest into Indonesia but there is still a bit of shortcoming (Sari Shaviriyani, 2006). Top Gloves Corporation had to suffer high initial investment, as the country of Indonesia had no expert deepening of manufacturing sector production and exports creating a mess for Top Gloves Corporation to take initiative to invest. Furthermore, home country of Indonesia drives to pick-up all the skills and technique from Top Gloves Corporation that makes them a future threat. Additionally, lack of highly educated good deal can also be a shortcoming of Top Gloves Corporation as the company focuses more on hiring highly educated people. This reason is because the operation of the machine maybe too technical and may need a knowledgeable people to ensure everything operates in effective and efficient way.Lastly, ecology can be also another shortcoming for the Top Gloves as the climate of Indonesia chang es rapidly that may affect the fertile of the plantation ca victimisation a shortage in the resources. Some of the global climate changes that might affect the plantation of Indonesia such as rising sea levels, rising air temperatures, changes in rainfall period, and extreme climate change. Similarly, the influence of a combination of raising temperature in regions, changes in the level of precipitation and the intensity of drought/flood (Sari Shaviriyani, 2006). Although, climate changes may sound serious but open burning on the forest as the usance of Indonesia in order to maintain the plantation to be fertile would be more devastating as it will bring down the goodwill of Top Gloves Corporation (Dyna Rochmyaningsih, 2012).3.0 RecommendationThe current strategies used by Top Glove are exportation and wholly owned subsidiary. Top Gloves had done successfully with two of the strategy, however, they are continuing in seeking the recent way to expand to more and more country. We re commended Top gloves to expand into worldwide, which is acquisition strategy. One of the successful companies who using acquisition strategy is Showa Co. who acquired all of Tillotsons Best Glove operations and subsidiaries, which are helping to create a global leader position in the glove manufacturing (Showa Glove, 2009).Acquisition of the company in the same industry will improve the company strength in production, reaching customer, and even the operation through synergy strategy such as the expertise and machinery (Showa Glove, 2009). The advantages of acquisition brings to the Top Gloves is reduced the cost. Top Gloves are able to generate the raw material needed to process the gloves wish palm kernel shell and latex from Indonesia Besides, the labour cost in Indonesia is much(prenominal) cheaper compared with Malaysians labour cost. We suggest that Top Gloves should maintain their current expansion strategy which is exporting and building the manufacture in foreign country , at the same time, adopt the acquisition to take over the related company in foreign markets. Once it is confirmed that the market possesses a huge potential for gloves market, Top Gloves may set up a manufacture plant in Indonesia and implement backward integration by taking over the related company such as supplier for palm kernel shell firms.Top Glove should be aware of the policy changes. Policy changes exist due to unstable condition in term of political pressure, economic trend, social fermenting and restriction of the ownership of nondomestic company (Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. Y., 2010). According to Boediono (2005), to achieve long term business profit in a dynamic changing country like Indonesia, it is essential to maintain awareness between economies and political issues. A strong professional team must be developed to maintain high policy effectiveness. Hence, to managing threats of policy changes, Top Glove can gather more foreign information in Indonesia through recruit foreign proficient consultant who understands the foreign culture well.Hiring local anaesthetic managerial talent is the best ways in foreseen and helps in explore business opportunity, it may facilitating the procedures in getting approval and act of local operation and result in attracting more local people join to the new established company. Besides, government will make change on economic policy and legal rules in order to forcing the business to update the way they do the business (External Environment Theory, 2013). Thus, Top Glove must managing political-risk services and issues carefully which is incurring news publication, employment issues, banks association and social media network. The company can rely on lobbying to help in administration of political theme and business operation, associate with public and bringing positive impact to social. Buy this way, Top Glove can reduce the risk in global business extension and minimize the possibility of legal fault.Top Glove should create own faults in the long term as it does not have own give away gloves. By creating its own blend of gloves helps Top glove to build brand images and secure customer loyalty by having products that carry its own brand name. The benefit of creating a own brand name would also include create brand recognition, an existing firm that has strong brand recognition will repel the new entrants and if the brand existing product is being perceived as unique would result in competitor need to spend more cash to promote and educate its customer about their product and directly increase the cost of taking over the market thus make the market unfavorable for new entrants (CIMB, 2007).Due to gigantic size of Top Glove Company, exponential growth and expansion could go against Top Gloves favor and makes it difficult to inhibit and keep an eye on its foreign plants. Top Glove need to create a more centralized decision making environment which its foreign plants receiv e orders from its mother headquarters and enforce strict controls on the foreign plants to ensure illegal activities which is demonstrated by illegal labor issue at once happened to top glove manufacturing plant at Klang that whooped to RM 11.4million would not happen in the future (ANIS, 2006).Top Glove should develop more unique technology to increase barrier of entry. currently Top Gloves latex manufacturing sector known to have a low entry barrier which is only from around 1 million to 1.5 million to open a new production line. It is considered low barrier for competitor manufacturer to enter the industry. New players only need to keep on producing to enjoy the share of wealth from the market due to economic of scale. Aggressive expansion by big players pose a serious threat to Top Glove as they need to come out with something unique in order to distinguish themselves from the competitors. For example top glove can develop trademarked product technology, technology is an intan gible asset that resembles a barrier to entry, if an existing product is protected by a patent, it would not be possible for the new entrant to use the same technology to create the product without the permission from the patent owner (TomSpencer, 2010).Top-Glove needs to protect their intellectual property right from trespass in Indonesia. Of Protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), Indonesia is hindered by inadequate enforcement of the relevant rules and regulations. Problem in intellectual property rights protection raised by industry include rampant audio, software, and video disk piracies (with a piracy rate estimated at 87 percent) the high percentage of piracy will affect the revenue of Top-Glove in Indonesias market. So a strong professional team must be created to strengthen and find ways to protect the intellectual property in Indonesia to create a high competitiveness or more values company in the Indonesia. Top Glove Company should be vigilant and original in building strategies to protect their products from infringement. As an example, a company might first identify the counterfeiters of its product. They then proceed to negotiate and try to develop them as legal licensees of it products.Several general principles are heavy for effective management of intellectual property rights in Indonesia. First, it is important to have an overall strategy to protect your company IP. Second, company IP is protected differently in Indonesia than in the other country. Third, right must be registered and enforced in Indonesia under their local laws. Registration of patents and trademark is on a first-in-time, first-in-right-basis, so Top Glove should apply for trademark and patent protection even before selling their products or services in the Indonesia market. It is the responsibility of rights holder to register, protect, and enforce their right. Company may wish to seek advice from local attorneys or IP consultants who are experts in Indonesia la w. It is important of strengthen and protect the intellectual property before entering a new entry market. It will bring the company a lot of economic benefit for their business and prevents other parties from using and taking the benefit of the result of their creative and innovative mind without their impact (Purba, 2001 Sommeng, 2002).4.0 ConclusionWhen we try to expand to others countries, it is important for us to analyze the countrys environment factors. The environmental factors consist of their political legal, economic competitiveness, social cultural, technology and local competitor. Then the company needs to know how much benefit they can gain from the expansion strategy that they use versus the risk that they assume in order to implement the expansion strategy to another country. By knowing this, the company will have better chance of succeeding in the new market.Top Gloves is currently facing some problems which are the increase of labor cost, high initial investment, lack of educated people and ecology. It is estimated that glove prices will increase by 3-5 percent result of the increase in the labor cost according to the categories of the product. Initially, Top Glove also need to invest heavily when first expand the market into Indonesia. In addition, lack of skills and technique workers in Indonesia will slow down the operation in producing the product. On top of that, plantation is also another issue result of the changes of climate.Throughout the analysis, we found out that Top Gloves using the wholly owned subsidiary and exporting as its expansion strategy. In order to compete, Top Glove needs to use exporting strategies because the local market is not big enough to support the growth of the company. Top Glove had owned large percent of the global latex market besides from few competitors in other countries. Besides that, in our assignment, we also had recommended some expansion strategies which will work out on Top Glove Company in Indon esia. These includes the expansion of their production line in rubber rich country of Indonesia.However, there is little aspect which Top Glove had to concern when they need to enter into new market which is political aspect, the countrys economy perspective, IP protection and so on. All these aspect will directly influence the brand image of Top Glove and also ROI to the company. Foreign country expansion and exporting strategy will help the company to reduce the risk. If there is a problem in a country, the company still can survive because they have wholly owned subsidiaries in other countries. My having wholly owned subsidiaries in other countries, the company can better manage their operation and strategy implementation.So in overall, we think that the company should enter Indonesia market. The benefit bought by the expansion outweighs the risk to the company. We predicted the company will continue to flourish under the new expansion into Indonesia. Hopefully, the expansion wil l pave a way for the company to be more competitive and able to maximize their shareholders wealth.

Reducing Adverse Drug Events in Older Adults

Reducing Adverse Drug Events in Older givingsGabrielle S. BumaWith age comes the prospect of multiple health problems that may require treatment with some(prenominal) medicinal drugs and multiple prescribers. The likelihood of morbidities and comorbidities such as, heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension increases with age. Many one-time(a) adults also collide with everyplace the counter practice of medicines, vitamins, and other supplements along with their prescribed medicinal drugs. The riding habit of these multiple kinds of medical specialtys is called polypharmacy, and if done so correctly the recitation of multiple medicinal drugs can have positive results in the treatment and maintenance of disease but if not used correctly the drugs could be less effective and result in expensive drug-related morbidity and mortality. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality claim that much than 770,000 people are injured or die each year from Adverse Drug Effe cts (ADEs) (Lynn, 2012). What makes this even more of a concern is that many experts believe that ADEs are significantly under describe. According to the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, the annual cost associated with drug-related morbidity and mortality has been estimated to be at around $177 one thousand million (Roth, Weinberger Campbell, 2009). Many factors play a role in the role medication use in older adults these factors can be considered everywhereuse, underuse, and misuse. The misuse of medication that leads to inauspicious drug effects in older adults can be owing(p)ly reduced by improving health literacy and prescribing physician and patient communication.According to the implant of Medicine, health literacy is considered an individuals capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions (Martin, Kripalani, DuRapau, 2013). Currently in the United States, the older adults that ar e 65 years and older represent the largest group with the low general literacy and health literacy skills in the country (Bennett, Chen, Soroui White, 2009). This means that in that respect is a large portion of the older adults over 65 that are making health decisions with the likelihood of not fully judgement them. Older adults over 65 years of age also have the highest rate of chronic illness of any other age group. The combination of low trains of literacy and high preponderance of multiple chronic conditions with multiple medications are major contributing factors to the high rate of ADEs in older adults. The article, Preventing Medication Errors, in the Institute of Medicine cited that sad patient comprehension and unintentional misuse of ethical drug drugs as a significant cause for medication error and worse health outcomes (Martin, Kripalani, DuRapau, 2013). Many older adults are simply accidentally misusing prescribed medications due to a low level of health litera cy. low-pitched literacy in older adults and Medicare recipients affects their apprehension of complex medication labels, instruction manual, and regimens (Martin, Kripalani, DuRapau, 2013). A way to improve older adults understanding of prescription drugs especially among those with particular literacy is greatly needed to prevent unintentional use that lead to AEDs, in the beginning the improvement can be made we need to first understand the factors associated with patients understanding of prescription drugs and their labeling.According to the National Assessment of Adult Literacy, adults who are socioeconomically disadvantaged that are a part of minority groups are more likely to be in poorer health (Davis, Wolf, Bass, Middlebrooks, Kennen, Baker, . . . . Parker, 2006 ). In the study, Low Literacy Impairs Comprehension of Prescription Drug Warning Labels, the authors measured a group of 251 adults ability to correctly interpret commonly used prescription medication labels. They measured the participants health literacy by having an expert panel evaluating the patients interpretation of the commonly used prescription medication labels. The results showed that one-third of patients were reading at or below a 6th grade level and that a patients comprehension of warning labels was associated with their level of literacy. The result that low literacy is associated with low comprehension and a difficulty understanding of warning labels on prescription medications is not a surprise because the labels use spoken communication close to a 6th grade reading level (Davis, Wolf, Bass, Middlebrooks, Kennen, Baker, . . . . Parker, 2006 ). The multistep instructions were found difficult for patients across all literacy levels. I found it surprising that the multistep instructions were difficult for all reading levels, but the study explains that the more steps a labels has the less concise and clear it tends to be to the patient. If the multistep instructions are a challenge for all literacy levels to understand then I would assume that it is quite challenging for a large population of the older adults who tend to have the lowest levels of literacy and so many different medications to keep track of with each having multistep directions.The study did offer recommendations that would help the understanding of medication labels for all literacy levels. These recommendations include warning labels world developed with consumer participation, especially with lower literate populations, attempt to keep the steps short, clear and concise with familiar words and recognizable icons. After reading this study, I was surprised to learn that more prescription drug labels are not developed with the use of consumer participation, one would assume the in the developing of the instructions that it would be a priority to develop the instructions with consumer participation. It seems that more consumer participation with all health literacy levels would help create more user friendly labels that could result in a significant decrease in misuse of prescription drugs.The study, meliorate Medication Management among At-risk Older Adults, evaluates health literacy but also medication self-efficacy and medication adherence. One reference in the study shows an alarming 54.3% of Medicare enrollees with throttle health literacy were unable to understand what is considered simple medication instructions such as. take on an empty stomach, (Martin, Kripalani, DuRapau, 2013). The study describes a quality improvement pilot project where they provide at-risk older adults with illustrated medication instructions as an approach to improve medication understating use. In the quality improvement pilot project they evaluated the effect of their intervention on the older adults confidence in managing their medication and their self-reported adherence. This study, Improving Medication Management among At-risk Older Adults, took place at an adult day ce nter were medication errors and misunderstanding medication instructions were identified as a problem. The authors and staff provided the adult day care centers participants with illustrated depiction of their daily schedule PictureRx with the goal to improve the older adults understanding of medication instructions and improve medication safety. The illustrated aid shows the older adults medications pictorially, uses what they consider plain language for the instructions, and uses icons to aid patients in understanding the propose and the dosing schedule (Martin, Kripalani, DuRapau, 2013). The PictureRx cards were used for six weeks and then the participants were surveyed along with reassessing their self-efficacy and adherence, as well as their perception on the PictureRx cards.The results showed that after the use of the PictureRx cards the participants reported much less forms of non-adherence and confidence significantly improved in areas of self-efficacy, such as correctly t aking medications and following a routine. This article provides a precious assessment of older adults health literacy and applies an intervention that resulted in an improved adherence and self-efficacy in older adults. When comparing the participant assessment before for the use of PictureRx and then the reassessment after shows a notably significant improvement. This pilot study shows an efficient way to improve older adults various health literacy levels and provides them with a way to better understand their overall medication regimens. I think something very similar to the PictureRx would be a great tool to implement for pharmacists when filling medications for older adults at the pharmacy and can provide a good reference for doctors when explaining medications to patients especially since doctors are so limited on the amount of time they can spend with a patient.Proper patient supplier communication plays a huge role in a patients ability to understand their medications and ability to properly follow their medication regimes. Good communication about health history and medications with a supplier and a patient could prevent the misuse of medication and an ADE. Before prescribing a reinvigorated medication, the prescribing doctor is supposed to review the patients current medications, including over the counter medications, vitamins, supplements, and the patients health history. The article, Physician Communication When Prescribing New Medications from the Archives of Internal Medicine recommends that prescribing physicians should educate their patients about their medications purpose, how and when to take it, and the medications expected adverse effects. The patient and physician interaction is an opportunity for the physician to educate the patient on these topics which may reduce nonadherence that can be a result from poor understanding about medication use.The article also describes and assesses the quality of physician communication with patient s about newly prescribed medications. The authors assess the providers communication through an observational study that combined patient and physician surveys and audiotaped 860 of the 909 participating patients while 270 new medications were prescribed (Tarn, Heritage, Hays Kravitz, 2006). During these visits the authors measured the quality of physician communication when prescribing new medications. The study by Tarn, Heritage, Hays, and Kravitz found that physicians stated full medication dosing directions for less than 60% of all of the medications that had been prescribed and informed the patients about the duration intake and ADEs for one third of the time. The study shares that ADEs were addressed for 35% of the medications and how long to take the medication was addressed at 34%. Although patients may be able to find information about their medications from different sources such as, a pharmacists and medication package inserts, information from their visits with the pres cribing physician is inadequate to meet the patients needs.ConclusionThe study found that the use of precise wording on prescription drug label instructions can improve patient understanding of how to take the medication patients with limited literacy were more likely to misinterpret instructions despite use of more explicit language Patients that have a limited literacy rate and those who are taking more medications are at a greater risk for misuse.Reference PageDavis, T. C., Federman, A. D., Wolf, M. S. (2009). Improving patient understanding of prescription drug label instructions. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24(1), 57-Davis, T., Wolf, M., Bass, P., Middlebrooks, M., Kennen, E., Baker, D., . . . . Parker, R. (2006). Low literacy impairs comprehension of prescription drug warning labels. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(8), 847-851.Martin, D., Kripalani, S., DuRapau, J. (2012). Improving medication management among at-risk older adults. Journal of Gerontologica l Nursing, 38(6), 24-34.Roth, M., Weinberger, M., Campbell, W. (2009). Measuring the quality of medication use in older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,57(6), 1096-1102.Tarn, D. M., Heritage, J., Paterniti, D. A., Hays, R. D., Kravitz, R. L. (2006). Physician communication when prescribing new medications . Archive of Internal Medicine, 166(17), 1855-1862.

Learning About On-Line Communities :: Internet Technology Computer Chats Essays

Learning About On-Line CommunitiesSection 1 What I Know, Assume or Imagine. What I contend, or rather, what I prehend I know, about on-line communities is extremely limited since I do not really participate in these types of communities myself. I have virtually no experience in the area of on-line communities and have never actually attempted to join, or even browse, through them. Everything that I think that I know about this area of interest is simply what I have heard from my friends or family regarding their experiences in various chat rooms and other on-line communities. What I assume I know is also based partially on the bits and pieces of information that I gather occasionally from the media. When veritable investigative report programs activate information that reveals research from various web sites such as the different types of web sites that are available, and the types of people that might be found in certain chat rooms, I begin to grow more curious. In fact, I once watched an investigative report show that revealed how easy it is to set up your possess web site from your living room. The come up of people that decided to create their own web sites for assorted reasons is not as interesting to me as the amount of people that are enticed into logging on to these web sights. Several areas of interest even include simply observation the creator of the web site as they go about their daily activities in their living room. Some online groupies have even become so fascinated with certain web sights that they enjoy watching the host of the site sleep or use the bathroom. I am sure that these types of communities are merely the tip of the iceberg in the vast nautical of what is available as far as on-line communities. What interests me most about the various web sites and on-line communities available to the public is the fact that so more people are consumed by these alternative realities and seem to enjoy living in a world where they can create t heir alter egos. A diffuse of people seem to really enjoy, or perhaps even have a deep need, to create enriched versions of them. People that often engage in this act of creating a generous picture of who they actually are have a purpose of attracting other individuals who the embellishers might feel would, otherwise, not be attracted to enlist in conversation with them.

The Life and Work of Raymond Carver Essay examples -- Biography Biogra

The Life and Work of Raymond CarverIn private desperation, Raymond Carvers characters struggle through their lives,knowing, with occasional clarity, that the good biography they had once hoped would beachieved through hard work will not come intimately. In many ways, Carvers life was the model for all of his characters. Married to Maryann Burk on June 7th, 1957, at nineteen, and having 2 children by October of 1958, the Carvers life was decided for years to come. Early on, Carver felt, along with his wife, that hard work would take care of nearly everything. We thought we could do it all, he said in one interview, We were poor but we thought that if we kept working, if we did the right things, the right things would happen (Gentry 123). Somewhere in the middle of this life of unawares end jobs and child raising, he realized, very much like one of his characters, that things would not change. He recounts one of the strongest of these moments in his essay on writing influences, Fir es. On a Saturday afternoon in the early 1960s, when Carver was a student at the University of Iowa, he was doing chores and taking care of their two children, Christine and Vance. The children were with some of their friends, at abirthday party, Carver was not sure--he often admitted to having a very poor memory.He was at the laundromat washing clothes and, at this point in the essay, waiting for adryer When and if one of the dryers ever stopped, I planned to rush over to it with my shopping basket of damp clothes. Understand, Id been hanging around in the laundromat for thirty minutes or so with this basketful of clothes, waiting my chance. Id already missed out on a cou... ... grew and received reprieves in life that most do not encounter. Anything poop happen, he tells us. He once said, Its strange. You never start out life with the intention of becoming a separate or an alcoholic or a cheat and a thief. O r a liar (Gentry 38). At one time Carver was all of these. If we can learn one thing, it is that nothing is set in stone. Change is the only sure thing. Works Cited Carver, Raymond. Fires. New York Vintage-Random House, 1989. Gentry, Marshall Bruce, and William L. Stull, eds. Conversations With Raymond Carver. Jackson UP of Mississippi, 1990. Halpert, Sam, ed. ...when we talk about Raymond Carver. Layton Gibbs Smith, 1991. Helprin, Mark, ed. The Best American Short Stories 1988. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1988.